FIG. PAGE 1. Outline Map of the Central Area, showing the Distribution of the Tribes referred to 3 2. Group of Old Men at a Wurley 13 3. Members of a Family of Arunta Natives, showing the Wurley, Weapons and Implements used in daily life 17 4. Spear Throwing 18 5. Spear Throwing 19 6. Boomerang Throwing 21 7. Arunta Native, side face 29 8. Arunta Native, full face 31 9. Arunta Native, old man 33 10. Arunta Native, to show the frizzly nature of the beard 35 11. Arunta Native, to show the wavy nature of the hair 39 12. Group of Warramunga Men, four of the older ones have the upper lip bare 41 13. Young Women, Arunta Tribe, side face 43 14. Young Women, Arunta Tribe, full face 45 15. Young Woman, Arunta, showing body scars and tooth knocked out 47 16. Old Woman, Arunta Tribe 49 17. Young Woman, Warramunga Tribe 51 18. Woman carrying Child, Arunta Tribe 53 19. Diagram of Marriage System in the Dieri Tribe 109 20. Wooden Churinga or Sacred Sticks of the Urabunna, Luritcha and Arunta Tribes 129 21. Stone Churinga of the Arunta, Kaitish and Warramunga Tribes 131 22. Sacred Objects of the Waaga Tribe 163 24. Sacred Drawings of the Witchetty Grub Totem on the rocks at the Emily Gap 171 25. The Great Ilthura where Intichiuma was performed at the Emily Gap 173 26. Rubbing the Stomach with the Churinga Uchaqua during the Intichiuma Ceremony of the Witchetty Grub Totem. The men are sitting in one of the Ilthura 174 27. Rubbing the Stomach with the Churinga Unchima during the Intichiuma Ceremony of the Witchetty Grub Totem. The men are sitting in one of the Ilthura 175 28. The Alatunja returning to Camp after the Intichiuma ceremony of the Witchetty Grub Totem at the Emily Gap 177 29. Group of Men of the Emu Totem sitting round the Churinga Ilpintira, which is drawn on the ground 181 30. Preparing Decorations for the performance of the Intichiuma Ceremony of the Emu Totem 182 31. Performance of the Intichiuma Ceremony of the Unjiamba Totem. Pouring blood on to the stone 184 32. Intichiuma Ceremony of Water Totem 190 33. Undiara, where the Intichiuma Ceremony of the Kangaroo Totem is performed 195 34. First Ceremony of Initiation, painting and throwing the boys up in the air 216 35. First Ceremony of Initiation, painting and throwing the boys up in the air 217 36. Diagram of the Apulla Ground 219 37. Ceremony of the Kangaroo Totem, men lying down on the top of the Wurtja 224 38. Ceremony of Kangaroo Totem, the two men standing up wear small Waningas; the man lying down is supposed to be a dog 225 39. The Wurtja embracing the Waninga, which has been used during a Ceremony of the Rat Totem 233 40. The Wurtja crouching behind his brake; on his back is a design of the Snake Totem; the Apulla lines are seen with the Group of Men in front of their brake; the man who will perform the operation of circumcision is on the left and his assistant on the right side 235 41. Women stripping the poles, just before the Ceremony of Lartna in the Northern Arunta Tribe 245 42. The operator and his assistant standing in position during the performance of Lartna. The operator holds the small stone knife in his right hand 247 43. Immediately before the Ceremony of Ariltha; the two Arakurta embracing the Nurtunja, which has been used during a ceremony of the Bandicoot Totem 254 44. Immediately after the Ceremony of Ariltha; the two Ertwakurka sitting on the Shields 255 45. Old Men in charge of the Store of Churinga belonging to the Purula and Kumara, during the Engwura Ceremony. The Churinga are stored on a platform called Thanunda 273 46. Plan of the Engwura Ground 276 47. Iruntarinia Ceremony of the Unjiamba Totem: the long cord represents the path of the Wild Cat men as they travelled along in the Alcheringa 287 48. Ceremony of the Wild Cat Totem, showing the laying on of hands to cause the performers to stop 289 49. Group of Men examining the Churinga 291 50. Ceremony of the Ulpmerka of Quiurnpa 292 51. Ceremony of the Plum Tree Totem: the performer is supposed to be eating plums 293 52. Iruntarinia Ceremony of the Eagle-Hawk Totem 295 53. Ceremony of Unjiamba Totem of Ooraminna 297 54. Ceremony of the Wild Cat Totem of Arapera, to illustrate one form of Nurtunja 299 55. Ceremony of the Ulpmerka of the Plum Tree Totem of Quiurnpa, to illustrate one form of Nurtunja 301 56. Ceremony of the large Lizard Totem: the two undecorated men represent Thippa - thippa Men who changed into Birds 305 57. Ceremony of the Water Totem, showing how the Waninga is carried 307 58. Ceremony of the Ulpmerka of the Grass Seed Totem, to illustrate one form of Nurtunja 311 59. Ceremony of the Ulpmerka of the Plum Tree Totem of Quiurnpa. The man sitting down wears a special form of Nurtunja on his head 314 60. Ceremony of the Fish Totem of Uratinga on the Finke River 319 62. Ceremony of the Irriakura Totem of Oknirchumpatana. The performer sits in front of a series of tufts of feathers fixed in the ground 321 63. Ceremony of an Ant Totem of Alkniwukulla, to illustrate one form of Nurtunja; the lines of down represent roots of wattle trees, amongst which the women dig for ants; the performers represent women 325 64. Iruntarinia Ceremony of the Unjiamba Totem, to illustrate one form of Nurtunja; the small cross pieces represent pointing sticks 327 65. Ceremony representing two Oruncha of Kulparra 330 66. Ceremony of the Oruncha of Chauritchi 332 67. An Oruncha Ceremony: the performers coming on to the ground 333 68. Iruntarinia Ceremony of the Unjiamba Totem of Apera-na-Unkumna, to illustrate one form of Nurtunja 335 69. The Erathipa Stone, showing the hole through which the Spirit Children emerge, and the charcoal line painted above it 337 70. Ceremony of the Opossum Totem of Arimurla, to illustrate one form of Nurtunja 339 71. Ceremony of the Opossum Totem of Arimurla, to illustrate one form of Nurtunja 340 72. Preparing for a Ceremony of the Frog Totem of Imanda 342 73. Ceremony of the Emu Totem; the head-dress represents the neck and head of an Emu 343 74. Ceremony of the Frog Totem of Imanda 345 75. Ceremony of the Frog Totem of Imanda 346 76. The Women throwing fire over the Illpongwurra 349 77. The Illpongwurra lying down with their heads on the Parra, behind which are stacked the bushes which they carry when returning to camp 353 78. Dance of the Illpongwurra round the performers of a ceremony; this running round is called Wahkutnima 355 79. Preparing the fire for the Illpongwurra 357 80. Ingwurninga Inkinja Ceremony of the Emu Totem of Imanda 359 81. Ceremony of the Kangaroo Totem of Undiara, to illustrate one form of Nurtunja 361 82. Ceremony of the Kangaroo Totem of Undiara, to illustrate one form of Nurtunja 363 83. Ambilyerikirra Ceremony 367 84. The erection of the Sacred Pole, or Kauaua; the man who has climbed up is arranging the Churinga 371 85. The Illpongwurra on the fire 373 86. Ceremony of the Frog Totem of Imanda 375 87. Totemic Designs painted on the backs of the Illpongwurra 377 88. The Illpongwurra gathered round the Kauaua 379 89. Ceremony of releasing from the Ban of Silence; touching the mouths of the younger men with a sacred object 383 90. Ceremony of releasing from the Ban of Silence; touching the mouth of the younger man with a fragment of the food presented by him to the older man 385 91. Rocks at Quiurnpa which arose to mark the spot where the Illpongwurra were burnt during the Engwura 391 92. The Nanja rock of Kukaitcha, the leader of the Ulpmerka men of the Plum Tree Totem at Quiurnpa 393 93. Emily Gap from the South side 426 94. Emily Gap from the North side 427 95. Ceremony of the White Bat Totem concerned with Cannibalism 474 96. Emu Feather Shoes worn by the Kurdaitcha 479 97. Kurdaitcha creeping up to his enemy 482 98. Illapurinja Woman 487 99. Tree Burial in the Warramunga Tribe 499 100. Widow smeared with Kaolin and wearing the Chimurilia 501 101. Chimurilia, fur string bands and feathers worn by the Widow during the Urpmilchima Ceremony at the Grave 505 102. Iruntarinia Ceremony of the Unjiamba (Hakea Tree) Totem of Urthipita, showing the Umbalinyara Cross 518 103. Iruntarinia Ceremony concerned with two Oruncha of Atnurtinya Kinya 520 104. Medicine Man showing the hole made in his tongue 524 105. Medicine Man made by the Oruncha, with the Oruncha Marilla, or design of the Oruncha 527 106. Various forms of Implements of Magic used amongst the Central Tribes 535 107. Drawing intended to represent a Woman lying on her back 549 108. Ceremony of the Sun Totem of Ilparlinja 563 109. Clothing and Personal Ornaments 569 110. Personal Ornaments 571 110A. Various forms of Spear-heads 576 111. Spear-throwers 579 112. Construction of the Tassel or Fringe of the Nulliga 580 113. Attachment of the Tassel to the Nulliga 580 114. Fire making, by means of rubbing the edge of a Spear-thrower on a Shield 584 115. Shields 585 116. Shields 585 117. Stone Axes and Knives 589 118. Boomerangs 597 118A. Ornamentation of large Boomerangs 598 118B. Fighting Clubs 603 119. Various Implements 605 120. Pitchis 609 121. Pitchis 609 122. Structure of the String Bag 612 123. Arunta Native using Spindle for making Fur-string 613 124. Native Rock Paintings To face page 615 125. Arunta Natives, Corrobboree Decorations 619 126. Arunta Natives, Corrobboree Decorations 619 127. Arunta Natives, decorated for the Erkita Corrobboree 620 128. Decorations used during a Rain Dance or Corrobboree, Arunta Tribe 621 129. Old Man instructing Boys how to perform a Corrobboree 622 130. Preparing for the Erkita Corrobboree, Arunta Tribe 623 131. Churingia Ilkinia or Sacred Rock Drawing of a Group of the Honey Ant Totem in the Warramunga Tribe To face page 631 132. Churinga Ilkinia of the Udnirringita Totem drawn on the Rocks at the Emily Gorge To face page 632 133. Churinga Ilkinia of the Ulpmerka of the Plum Tree Totem, drawn on the Rocks at Quiurnpa To face page 633 MAPS 1. Outline Map of the Central Area of Australia showing the tracks followed by the four groups of Achilpa and the spots at which they camped Inside back cover 2. Outline Map of the Central Area of Australia in the region of the MacDonnell Range, showing the tracks followed by the various groups of Udnirringita and of Emu men, together with the spots at which they camped, and other localities concerned with traditions Inside back cover
