Abadi, 300 ‘Abbasids, 10, 32, 34, 39, 45, 50, 51, 53, 54, 56, 57, 91, 92-94, 97, 98, 132-135, 153, 154, 167, 169, 174 ‘Abd, 294 ‘Abd Allah, father of Muhammad, 350, f. ‘Abd Allah ibn az-Zubayr, 23, 25 ‘Abd Allah ibn Maymun, 40, 42-44 ‘Abd Allah ibn ‘Umar, 298 ‘Abd al-Muttalib, 351 ‘Abd al-Qadir al-Jilani, 267 ‘Abd ar-Rahman, the Umayyad, 33 ‘Abd ar-Razzaq, 271, f. ‘Abida, 174 Abkam, 340 Abraham, also Ibrahim, 42, 226, 345 Abu ‘Abd Allah ibn Karram; see Ibn Karram Abu-l-‘Ala al-Ma‘arri, 199 Abu Bakr, 1st Kh., 13-16, 23, 24, 36, 56, 71, 165, 200, 250, 268, 297, 307, 313, 346 Abu Da’ud as-Sijistani, 81 Abu Dharr, 207 Abu-l-Hajjaj ibn Tumlus, 260 Abu Hanifa, 94-102, 106, 121, 127, 193, 309 Abu Hashim, 159, f. Abu Hudhayl, 136-139, 159, 248 Abu Sahl, 325 Abu Shuja‘ al-Ispahani, 351 Abu Sufyan, 22 Abu Sulayman of Damascus, 175 Abu Talib, 10 Abu Talib al-Makki, 176, f. Abu ‘Ubayda, 150 Abu Ya‘qub ibn ‘Abd al-Mu'min, 252-255 Active Intellect, 236, 250-253, 256, 265 ‘Ada, 113 ‘Adad, 326 Adam, 42, 43, 171, 232, 312, 332, 346 ‘Adam, 316 ‘Adi al-Hakkari, 267 ‘Adil, 356 ‘Adl, 291 Africa, 59 Africa, North, 26, 35, 45, 46, 62, 243 Ahl at-tawhid wal-‘adl, 136 Ahl kitab, 24 Ahmad al-Malawi, 331 Ahmad ar-Rifa‘a, 267 Ahmad ibn ‘Abd Allah ibn Maymun, 44 Ahmad ibn Abi Duwad, 156 79, 103, 110, 157, 158, 172, 175, 176, 187, 274, 277, 293 ‘A’isha, wife of Muhammad, 10, 13, 21 ‘A’isha, daughter of Ja‘far as-Sadiq, 173 Al-Ajhuri, 346 Al-Akhtal, 89 ‘Alam al-jabarut, 234 ‘Alam al-mulk, 234 Alastu bi-rabbikum, 171 Aleppo, 162 Alexandria, 241 ‘Alids, 18, 32-35, 37, 51, 155, 157, 166, 187 ‘Ali ibn Abi Talib, 18-31, 36, 37, 44, 45, 88, 121, 155, 182, 249, 259, 275, 297, 307, 313, 314, 346 ‘Alim, 337; cf. ‘ulama Almeria, 260 Alp Arslan, 213 Alphonso the Wise, 233 Al-‘Alqami, 346 A‘ma, 340 ‘Ama, 340 Amana, 347 ‘Amr ibn ‘Ubayd, 129 Amina, mother of Muhammad, 351 Anima Mundi, 232 ‘Aqida, 316 ‘Aqiqa, 356 ‘Aql, 120, 136, 148, 157, 214, 269, 272, 292, 308, 316 Al-’aql al-fa‘ ‘al; see Active Intellect Arabs, 8, 14, 17, 24, 40, 44-46, 50, 51, 60, 67, 68, 74, 124, 125, 127, 133, 134, 150, 157, 243, 305 Arabia, 15, 23, 25, 36, 37, 131 Arabia, South, 23, 36, 37, 45, 59 Arab ‘Iraq; see al-‘Iraq Arhamu-r-rahimin, 210 Aristotelians, Aristotelianism, 134, 140, 144, 161-163, 168, 196, 198, 201, 202, 286 Aristotle, 134, 138, 140, 144, 161-164, 198, 221, 232, 236, 248, 253, 255, 256, 260, 264 ‘Arsh, 301 Asamm, 340 Al-asharatu-l-mubashshara, 268, 297, 314 Al-Ash‘ari, 187-190, 192, 193, 200, 208, 214, 217, 218, 220, 226, 229, 230, 293, 308, 319, 341 Ash‘arites, 191, 201, 207-213, 241-247, 272, 273, 276, 280, 291, 292, 338 ‘Ashura, day of, 28 Aslah, 190, 292, 311; see, too, salah Al-asma al-husna, 210, 280, 321, 341 Assassins, 27, 49, 53, 59,169,170, 196; see, too, Isma‘ilians, Batinites, Ta‘limites ‘Ata ibn Yassar, 128 Athos, Mount, 178 Avenpace, 250; see, too, Ibn Bajja Averroes, Averroism, 251; see, too, Ibn Rushd Avicenna, 197; see, too, Ibn Sina Awlad ‘llwan, 268 Awwaliyat, 260 Al-Awza‘i, 98 Azali, 291, 300, 309, 322, 343 Babism, 5 Badaha, 308 Badakhshan, 170 Badan, 141 Badawite darwishes, 267 Baghdad, 5, 50-53, 56, 111, 133, 159, 162, 166-168, 175, 184, 185, 190, 194, 195, 207, 213, 217, 220, 226, 267 Baghdad, Pashalik of, 60 Bakam, 340 Balada, 347 Balkh, 174 Baqa, 323 Barmak, Barmecides, 50 Bashshar ibn Burd, 150 Basir, 337 Al-Basra, 18, 23, 25, 83, 150, 159, 167,174, 187, 188 Batin, 314 Batn, 42 Bay‘, 353 Al-Bayjuri, 315 Baytu-l-‘izza, 335 Bedawis, 62 Berbers, 45, 243, 244, 248, 249 Beyrout, 84 Bid‘a, 74, 78, 148, 186, 297, 299, 307 Bila kayfa wala tashbih, 147, 171, 191, 208, 294, 344; cf. kayfa Bil-fi‘l; see Fi‘l Bishr al-Marisi, 155 Bishr ibn al-Mu‘tamir, 142, 143, 151, 152 Al-Bistami, Abu Yazid, 183, 188, 225, 268 Brotherhood of as-Sanusi, 61, ff. Buddhists, 134 Burgundy, 83 Buwayhids, 51, 52, 167, 194, 195, 197, 208 Caesarea, 84 Cairo, 49, 166, 173, 195, 241, 244, 277 Camel, Battle of the, 21 Charles the Hammer, 83 Chinese Muslims, 59 Christians, Christianity, 24, 47, 48, 125, 130-134, 137, 144, 147, 151, 181, 194 Companions; see Sahibs Code Napoleon, 114 Constantine in Algeria, 45 Crusaders, 49 Daman, 354 Damascus, 14, 82, 88, 131, 175, 177 Dar al-Harb, 55 Dar al-Islam, 55 Daruri, 308 Darwishes, 5, 61, 179, 182, 183, 203, 244, 266, 268 Da’ud ibn Nusayr, 174 Dauphine, Le, 83 Dawr, 323 Dhuhul, 340 Dhu-l-faqar, 20 Dhu-n-Nun, 176 Dhu-n-Nurayn, 313 Diya, 355 Diyana, 293 Eckert, the mystic, 180 Edict of the Praetor, 87 Egypt, Egyptians, 14, 21, 23, 30, 45-49, 53, 62, 82, 187, 244, 277, 287 Emessa, 163 Erigena, Scotus, 182 Euchites, 178 Euclid, 134 Euphrates, 133 Fakhr ad-Din ar-Razi, 241 Fakhr ad-Din ibn ‘Asakir, 273 Fana, 338 Faqirs, 268 Al-Farabi, 162-164, 165, 167, 169, 181, 196, 215, 221, 236, 250 Faragh, 317 Fard, 73 Farida, 354 Al-Faruq, 313 Fatana, 347 Fatima, daughter of Muhammad, 20, 30, 36, 346, 347 Fatima of Naysabur, 173 Fatimids, 27, 36, 45, 47, 49, 165-167, 169, 173, 184, 197, 224, 241, 244, 251 Fay’, 356 Bil-fi‘l; 328 Fi mahall; see mahall Fiqh, 77, 87, 116, 132, 208, 209, 245, 252, 261, 270, 279, 282; cf. faqih Firdawsi, 170 St. Francis of Assisi, 180 Frederick II., the Hohenstaufen, 263 Fustat, 83 Galen, 134 Ghafala, 340 Al-Ghani, 327 Ghanima, 356 Ghasb, 354 Al-Ghazzali, 139, 165, 176, 183, 195, 199, 207, 215-241, 245-249, 253, 257, 260-264, 267, 270, 284-286, 300, 309 Ghiba, 349 Ghusl, 352 Gondeshapur, 134 Greek monks, 178 Greek philosophy, science, etc., 133, 138, 140, 144, 159, 161, 162 Habib, 175 Hadith, 75, 77, 78, 87, 94, 121, 190, 209, 261, 270 Hadramawt, 60 Hafsids, 265 Ha’il, 60 Hajar as-safih, 354 Al-Hakam ibn abi-l-‘As, 17 Hal, 160, 176, 227, 310, 319, 322, 337 Hal nafsi, 319 Halal 298 Halley's comet, 84 Hamilton, Sir William, 237 Hanbalites, 115, 121, 158, 167, 190, 191, 200, 207, 208, 212-214, 237, 273, 274, 278 Hanif, 125 Hanifites, 115 Haqq, 356 Al-Harith al-Muhasibi, 175, 177, 187, 225 Harun ar-Rashid, 50, 97, 98, 144, 153, 155, 175 Hasad, 349 Al-Hasan al-Basri, 128, 129, 130, 172, 173 Hasan ibn as-Sabbah, 224 Hawala, 354 Hayah, 332 Hayy, 337 Al-Hayy, 211 Hebron, 226 Hesychasts, 178 Hiba, 354 Hidana, 355 Hidden Imam, 31, 37, 41, 56, 116; cf. Imam, Imamites Hierotheos, 181 Al-Hijaz, 212 Hippocrates, 134 Hud, 346 Huduth, 320, 338; cf. hadith, muhdath Hukm, 292 Hulul, 228 Huwa-l-haqq, 203 I‘ara, 354 Ibadites, 5, 26, 54, 115, 117, 126 Ibn ‘Abd al-Wahhab; see Muhammad Ibn ‘Abd al-Wahhab Ibn Abi ‘Awja, 80 Ibn al-‘Arabi, 316, 322, 323, 328 Ibn ‘Arabi, 241, 261, 264, 271, 277, 280 Ibn ash-Shalmaghani, 185 Ibn Hani, 170 Ibn Hazm, 209-212, 245-248, 261, 275, 280 Ibn Ibad, ‘Abd Allah, 25, 26, 116 Ibn Karram, 170, ff. Ibn Khallikan, 185 Ibn Maja, 81 Ibn al-Muqaffa‘, 150 Ibn Rushd, 161, 163, 195, 206, 215, 236, 248, 252, 255, 256-261, 264-286 Ibn Sab‘in, ‘Abd al-Haqq, 263, 264, 267, 277 Ibn Sina, 163, 171, 197, 221, 228, 236, 241, 250, 257 Ibn Tumart., 207, 245-248, 252, 275 Al-idafatu-l-‘amm lil-khass, 337 Al-idafatu-l-bayaniya, 337 ‘Idda, 355 Idris, 346 Idris ibn ‘Abd Allah, 35 Ihata, 332 Ihtiyaj ila mahall, 339 Ihya, 338 Ihya al-mawat, 354 Ijara, 354 I‘jaz, 151 Ijma‘, 57, 58, 72, 94, 101, 105, 209, 292, 328, 351 Ijmali, 316 Ikhtilaf, 116 Ikhwan as-safa, 167, 169, 194, 196, 199 Iktisab, 280; cf. kasb Iktisabi, 309 Ila, 355 Ilhad, 314 Iljam al-‘awamm‘an ‘ilm al-kalam of al-Ghazzali, 260 ‘Ilwan, the Shaykh, 268 Imam, 26, 29, 31, 36-38, 41-43, 46, 54, 57, 142, 155, 165, 167, 188, 197, 212, 224, 286, 292, 293, 297-299, 311, 313, 318, 350 Imam al-Haramayn, 212, 213, 217, 230, 317 Imamites, 37, 57, 59, 116, 126, 142, 247 Iman, 126, 127, 292-296, 311, 312, 318, 350 Imata, 338 Imdadat, 330 Imtihan, 148; cf. mihna India, Emperor of, 55 Indian Mu‘tazilism, 286 Injil, 304 In sha’ Allah, 272 Irada, 330 Al-‘Iraq, 209 ‘Iraq, Arab, 44 Irda, 355 Irja, 292; cf. Murji’ites ‘Isa; see Jesus Islam, 7, 13-15, 19-27, 37, 40-48, 52-55, 58, 59, 68, 71-74, 118-120, 124, 130, 136, 141, 142, 149, 151-154, 158-161, 167, 173, 176, 177, 180-183, 186, 190, 191, 206, 212-215, 218, 226, 228, 230, 231, 233, 235, 238-244, 248, 261, 262, 270, 278, 282-284, 292, 296, 312 Isma‘ilians, 42, 44, 57, 59, 169,170, 196 Ispahan, 195 Istidlali, 308 Istita‘a, 310 Istiwa; see Istawa I‘tazala ‘anna, 130 Ithna ‘Ashariya, 38 I‘tibar ikhtira‘i, 342 I‘tibar intiza‘i, 342 I‘tidal, 221 I‘tikaf, 353 ‘Itq, 357 Ja‘ala, 354 Jacob, 350 Jadliya, 259 Al-Jafr, 249 Al-Jahiliya, the Barbarism, or the Ignorance, 8, 74, 77, 173 Jahl, 340 Jahm ibn Safwan, 126, 138, 146, 150 Jalal ad-Din ar-Rumi, 267 Jami‘, 80 Jarabub, 62 Jawhar ruhani, 231 Jerusalem, 14, 40, 42, 146, 226 Jesus, ‘Isa, 42, 146, 315, 345 Jews, 24, 47, 68, 70, 133, 134, 144, 194 Jinaya, 355 Jinn, Jinni, Jann, 76, 281, 283, 286, 299, 304, 305, 324 John of Damascus, 89, 131, 132, 137, 146 Al-Jubba‘i, 159, 160, 172, 188-190 Al-Junayd, 176, 177, 183, 187, 225, 282 Juththa, 384 Al-Juwayni; see Imam al-Haramayn Kafala, 354 Kafir, 295, 316, 328, 350; cf. kufr, takfir "Kalila and Dimna," 150 Kahin, 314 Kalam, 147, 149, 151, 157, 175, 186, 188, 193, 200, 206, 208, 214, 216, 241, 242, 245, 276, 278, 286, 294, 309, 315, 335 Kalam Allah, 146 Kalam nafsi, hadith fi-n-nafs, 273, 336 Kalimata-sh-shahada, 300 Al-kalimatan, 30 Kallima-llahu Musa taklima, 149 Kamm munfasil, 325 Kamm muttasil, 325 Al-Karabisi, 187 Karaha, 339 Karama, 174, 213, 228, 230, 274, 281, 282, 313 Karbala, 28 Karramites, 170, 191, 195, 291, 292 Kasb, 179, 192, 292; cf. iktisab Kashf, 120, 172, 179, 215, 269 Kashshaf of az-Zamakhshari, 195 Kawn, 309; cf. takwin Kawn ‘ajiz, 340 Kawn jahil, 340 Kawn karih, 340 Kawn mayyit, 340 Kawn murid, 337 Kawn qadir, 336 Kayfa, 297 Khabar, 308 Khadija, 347 Khalifa, Khalifate, 13-28, 38-38, 45, 47, 51-58, 297, 313; cf. al-Khulafa Khalq, 338 Kharaj, 15 Kharijites, 23-27, 32, 40, 44, 57, 59, 123-126, 131, 172, 212, 292, 294, 296 Khitabiya, 259 Khitba, 355 Khiyana, 347 Khuffs, 298, 314, 347, 352, 355 Khul‘, 355 Al-Khulafa-ar-rashidun, 22, 87, 99, 105, 114 Khutba, 56 Kibr, 349 Kidhb, 347 Kitaba, 357 Kitman, 347 Kubra of as-Sanusi, 316 Kufr, 157, 296, 311, 332, 349; of. takfir, kafir Labid, 149 Laqab, 347 Laqit, 354 La shay‘, 328 Al-lawh al-mahfuz, 335 Laylatu-l-qadr, 335 Lebanon, 48 Li‘an; 355 Lucretius, 200 Luqta, 354 Lutf, 292 Ma‘bad al-Juhani, 128 Al-Madina, 7, 8, 18, 35, 56, 67, 69-71, 72, 82, 87, 88, 99, 101, 102, 165, 213, 216, 226, 278, 284, 346 Madrasa, 229 Ma‘dum, 159, 314, 319; cf. ‘adam Mafatih al-ghayb of ar-Razi, 241 Magians, 144 ‘Al-Maghrib, 243 Mahall (fi), 137 Al-Mahdi, 27, 34, 45, 62, 114, 244-249 Al-Mahdi, the ‘Abbasid Khalifa, 35, 134 Mahiya, 309 Mahmud of Ghazna, 170, 195, 197 Mahr, 355 Maimonides, 237 Majazi, 329 Majuj, 315 Makhluqat, 324 Malay Archipelago, 62 Malik ibn Anas, 35, 78, 99-103, 106, 147, 186, 245, 346 Malikites, 115 Ma‘mar ibn ‘Abbad, 143 Al-Ma’mun, 50, 110, 140, 144, 154-159, 162, 166, 277 Mansel, H. L., 237 Al-Mansur, ‘Abbasid Kh., 33, 34, 50, 134, 153, 154 Maqama, 176 Al-Maqasid, 346 Maqbulat, 259 Mar’an, 314 Mariya the Copt, 347 Ma‘ruf of al-Karkh, 175 Marwan II., 32 Marwan ibn al-Hakam, 17 Masabih as-sunna of at-Baghawi, 81 Mashhurat, 259 Mashya, 294 Masyaf, 49 Al-Mataridi, 187, 193, 207, 308 Mataridites, 200, 207, 337, 338 Mawaqif of al ‘Iji, 241 Mawjub, 347; cf. wajib Mawjud, 159, 191, 314, 319; cf. wujud Mawlawite darwishes, 267 Mawsil, 267 Mawt, 340 Maymun, 40 Maznunat, 259 Mecca, 9, 17, 23, 25, 32, 46, 56, 62, 68, 174, 184, 213, 217, 226, 265, 285, 296, 346 Merv, 217 Mesnevi, The, 267 Mesopotamia, 23, 44, 82, 131, 187 Minister of Justice, 114 Monophysites, 181 Moses, 42, 149, 192, 295, 296, 304, 336, 345 Mubtadi‘, 307; cf. bid‘a Mufti, 115; cf. fatwa Muhammad, the Prophet, 7-13, 16-22, 28, 30, 35, 37, 42-45, 56, 57, 58, 67-75, 83, 86-89, 95, 104-106, 112, 120-133, 140-150, 155, 160, 161, 164, 165, 171, 172, 175-180, 188, 210, 227-231, 243, 245, 249, 253, 254, 263, 270, 275-278, 284, 285, 292-294, 298, 305, 308, 312, 335, 336, 345, 346, 349, 350, 351 Muhammad II, Ottoman Sultan, 113 Muhammad al-‘Allaf; see Abu Hudhayl Muhammad al-Muntazar, 187 Muhammad an-Naqshbandi, 267 Muhammad ibn ‘Abd al-Wahhab, 60, 283 Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr, 18 Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiya, 29, 31 Muhammad ibn al-Hasan, 38, 96, 102 Muhammad ibn ‘Ali as-Sanusi; see as-Sanusi Muhammad ibn Isma‘il, 42, 43, 45 Muharram, 347 Al-Muhasibi; see Al-Harith Muhdath, 309; cf. hadith, huduth Muhsan, 355 Muhyi ad-Din ibn ‘Arabi; see Ibn ‘Arabi Al-Mu‘izz, Fatimid Khalifa, 170 Mujassim, 191, 291; cf. jism, tajsim Mujid, 325 Mujtahid, 38, 116, 275, 287, 315 Mujtahidun bil-fatwa, 113 Mujtahidun fi-l-madhahib, 113 Mujtahidun mutlaq, 112 Mukallaf, 280, 317, 318, 321, 323, 342, 345; cf. taklif Mukashafa, 227 Mukhabara, 354 Mukhalafa lil-hawadith, 205, 210, 232, 280,324 Mukhassis, 325 Mumathala 338 Mumkinat, 330 Munazzah, 324 313; see, too, Muhammad al-Muntazar Muqallad, 316, 350; cf. taqlid Al-Muqanna‘, 30 Munqidh min ad-dalal of al-Ghazzali, 216, 225, 239 Muqarrab, 306 Al-Muqtadir, ‘Abbasid Kh., 184 Murji’ites, 122-127, 129, 131, 132, 171, 193, 214, 292 Musa, see Moses Musa al-Qazam, 42 Musaqat, 354 Musallamat, 259 Musannaf, 79 Musaylima, 150 Mushabbih, 191; cf. bila kayfa Mushahada, 327 Mushrik, 284, 299; cf. shirk, sharik Muslim, 80 Al-Mustafa, 300 Mustahabb, 73 Mustahil, 316 Mustansir, Fatimid Kh., 170 Mutakallims, 147, 186, 193-196, 215, 231, 262, 276, 337 Al-Mu‘tasim, ‘Abbasid Kh., 157, 158, 162, 163 Mutaqabilat, 330 Al-Mutawakkil, ‘Abbasid Kh., 157, 162 Mutawatir, 308 Mu‘tazilites, 37, 57, 120, 130, 135-138, 140, 143-146, 151-159, 166, 168, 171, 172, 175, 176, 184-196, 200, 207, 208, 211-214, 220-226, 241, 248, 291-294, 298, 299, 311, 336, 337, 343, 344 Muwahhids, 179, 207, 246-257, 261-265, 284, 296, 307 . Muwatta’ of Malik ibn Anas, 78, 82, 101, 102 Al-Muzdar, 151 Nabateans, 44 Nabidh, 314 Nadhr, 356 Nafaqa, 355 Nafisa, The Lady, 173 Najasat, 352 Najd, 60 Najjarites, 292 Naqib, 268 Naql, 120, 148, 157, 214, 269, 297, 310 Naqshbandite darwishes, 267 Narbonne, 83 Nasir ibn Khusraw, 170 An-Nasir, Mamluk Sultan, 277 An-Nasr al-Manbiji, 277 Nazr, 208 Neo-Platonism, 163, 164, 168,180, 181, 196, 232, 235, 236, 253, 255, 264, 272 Nikah, 354 Nisba, 337 Nusayrites, 59 Old Man of the Mountain, Shaykh al-jabal, 49 Ottoman Sultan, 10, 56, 58, 59 Ottoman Turks, 36, 52, 53, 54, 60 Parsees, 194 People of Paradise, 139 Persia, Persian, 14, 23, 31, 36-41, 44, 49, 50, 51, 82, 131-134, 150, 155, 157, 184 Persian Gulf, 60 Persian mysticism, 5 Plotinus, Plotinian, 163-165, 182, 231, 256, 269, 280 Porphyrius, 163 Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite, 181, 182 Ptolemaic system, 233 Ptolemy, 134 Qadar, 128, 135-137, 242, 291, 293, 295, 342 Qadarites, 122, 127-132, 135, 137, 140, 292, 344 Al-Qadir, ‘Abbasid Kh., 193-195 Qadir, 319 Qanuns, 114 Qarmatians, 44, 46, 170,184, 188 Qasm, 356 Qattat, 350 Qawl, 296 Qidam, 322 Qirad, 354 Qisas, 355 Al-Qiyama, 349; cf. Yawm Qiyam bin-nafs, 325 Qubda, 329 Qudra, 192, 234, 294, 310, 319, 322, 328, 344 Al-Qudra al-azaliya, 234 Qur’an, 24, 42, 62, 69-71, 76, 77, 85, 94-96, 99, 103-106, 109, 117, 121, 128-130, 135, 138-141, 145-152, 155-158, 161-163, 171, 178, 188, 190, 195-198, 206, 209, 210, 231, 235, 238, 241, 245-249, 252, 253, 257-259, 263, 271, 272-275, 282-284, 295, 297, 303, 304, 310, 335, 345, 346 Al-Qushayri, 213 Quwa, 328 Rabelais, 199 Rabi‘a, 173 Rafidites, 212 Rahn, 354 Ar-Rashid, the Muwahhid, 263, 264 Rasa‘il ikhwan as-safa, 168 Razq, 338 Red Sea, 60 Responsa prudentium, 85 Rida, 310 Risala, 292 Risala of al-Qushayri, 213 Ritschl, 238 Rukhsa, 283 Sabil Allah, 18 Sab‘inite darwishes, 267 Sab‘iya, 42 Sa‘da, 36 As-Saffah, ‘Abbasid Kh., 32 Sahara, 62 Sahiba, 294 Sahibs, 9, 16, 19, 71, 72, 75, 79, 88, 101, 105, 147, 180, 275, 276, 282, 283, 293, 297, 307, 314, 346 Sahifa of al-Bukhari, 35, 79-81 Sahih of Muslim, 80, ff. Sa‘id ibn Ahmad ibn ‘Abd Allah, 45 Sa’ihs, 172 Saladin; see Salah ad-Din Salam, 353 Salaman, 253, f. Salamiya, 44 Salat, Salawat, 178, 292, 293, 352 Salih, the prophet, 346 Salim, Ottoman Sultan, 56 Saljuqs, 207 Saluhi qadim, 328 Sama’ ad-Dunya, 297 Samam, 340 Samanids, 36 San‘a, 36 As-Sanusi, Muhammad ibn ‘Ali, 61, 120, 244, 269, 273, 284 As-Sanusi, Muhammad ibn Yusuf, 315-318, 322, 323, 328, 334, 341, 347 Sawm, 292; cf. Siyam Sayf ad-Dawla, the Hamdanid, 162, 165 Semites, Semitic, 5, 51, 125, 126, 182 Sergius, father of John of Damascus, 131 Seth, 43 Shadhilite darwishes, 267 Shahada, 356 Shafa‘a, 174, 296, 307, 311, 349 Ash-Shafi‘i, 67, 103-111, 173,187 Shahs of Persia, 38 Shakk, 332 Shar‘, 345 Ash-Sha‘rani, 279, 281, 283, 285 Ash-Shahrastani, 213, 224, 291, 293 Shari‘a, 282 Sharifs of Morocco, 35, 59, 247 Sharik, 300, 321, 326; cf. shirk, mushrik Shaykh, 177 Shaykh al-Islam, 113 Shaykh ‘Ilwan, 268 Shaytans, 304 Shem, 43 Shihab ad-Din as-Suhrawardi, 241 Shi‘ites, Shi‘a, 5, 13, 19, 26-36, 39-41, 48, 51, 52, 56, 59, 115, 116, 121, 123, 131, 159, 165, 184, 185, 193-195, 212, 247, 249, 292, 298 Shirk, 123, 127; cf. sharik, mushrik Shirka, 354 Shu‘ayb, 346 Shuf‘a, 354 As-Siddiq, 313 Sidq, 347 Sifa nafsiya, 319 Sifat adh-dhat, 291 Sifat al-ma‘ani, 337 Sifat at-ta’thir, 333 Sifat ma‘nawiya, 337 Sifat salabiya, 328 Sijistan, 171 Siyam, 353 Solomon, 286 Spain, 33, 82, 132, 194, 209, 246 Spanish Islam, 132 Stephen bar Sudaili, 181 Stewart (Balfour) and Tait, 235 Lord Stratford de Redcliffe, 48 Suf, 130 Sufi, Sufiism, 130, 172, 173, 176-178, 185, 213, 216-219, 222, 225-229, 232, 235, 236, 239, 248, 250, 252, 253, 261, 262, 264, 267, 268, 274, 276-278, 282, 284, 309 Sufistiqiya, 308 Sufiya, 173 Sughra of as-Sanusi, 341 As-Suhrawardi; see Shihab ad-Din Sulayman the Great, 54 Sulh, 354 Sunna, 74, 75, 88,190, 282, 293, 297, 298, 307, 345 Sunnites, 19, 35, 38, 51, 52, 59, 116, 194, 247, 298 Sura, 232 Suso, the mystic, 180 Syria, 21-23, 28, 45, 46, 49, 50, 82, 84, 98, 131, 226 Ta‘addud, 339 Ta‘allaqa, 328 Ta‘alluqu-l-qabdati, 329 Tabaristan, 36 Tabligh, 347 Tabor, Mount, 178 Tadbir, 357 Tadlil, 292 Tafsili, 316 At-Taftazani, 242, 269, 308, 318, 345, 346 Tahafut of al-Ghazzali, 229, 237, 240, 257, 286 Tahara, 351 Tahlil, 276 Tahsin, 292 Takallam, 147 Takfir, 292 Talaq, 355 Ta‘lil, 339 Ta‘lim, 197 Ta‘limites, 197, 219, 224, 228 Tanjizi, 328 Taqbih, 292 Taqiya, 126 Taqlid, 209, 217, 246, 261, 270, 286, 316, 318, 323, 350 Tariqa, 282 Tawakkul, 179, f. Tawhid, 156, 175, 176, 246, 291, 300, 315, 349; cf. muwahhid Ta‘wil, 246 Tawlid, 142 Tawrat, 303 Tayammum, 352 Theodorus Abucara, 132 The Thousand and One Nights, 97, 286 Thumama ibn Ashras, 144 At-Tirmidhi, 81 Toledo, 82 82, f. Tripolis, 62 Tufan, 329, f. Turkish mysticism, 5 The Twelve Tables, 85 ‘Ubayd Allah al-Mahdi, 45, 46, 244 Udhiya, 356 Uluhiya, 326 Ulu-l-‘azm, 345 ‘Umar ibn ‘Abd al-‘Aziz, Umayyad Kh., 104 ‘Umar ibn al-Khattab, 2nd Kh., 13-19, 23, 24, 36, 44, 56, 86, 93, 165, 275, 297, 307, 313, 346 ‘Umar ibn al-Farid, 266 Umayyads, 9, 17-19, 22, 25, 27, 32, 33, 53, 77, 78, 88-93, 104, 123, 131, 133, 153, 209 Umayyads of Cordova, 45 Umm walad, 357 ‘Uthman ibn ‘Affan, 3rd Kh., 17-22, 25, 36, 71, 297, 307, 313, 346 Vincent of Lerins, 101 Volubilis, 35 Wa‘d, 292 Wadi‘a, 354 Wahdaniya, 325 Al-Wahhab, 211 Wahhabites, 60-62,109, 113, 115, 120, 273, 278, 279, 283-285 Al-Wahib, 211 Wahy, 281 Wakala, 354 Wala, 357 Wali, 139, 173, 263, 267, 268, 274, 275, 281-28 .5, 313, 326 Walima, 355 Waliya, 173 Waqf, 354 Warith, 354 Wasil ibn ‘Ata, 37, 129, 135, 136 . 150 Wasiya, 354 Al-Wathiq, ‘Abbasid Kh., 157 Wusul, 228 Yajuj, 315 Yamin, 356 Ya‘qub; see Jacob Yathrib, 67 Yehuda Halevi, 237 Zabbur, 304 Zabid in Tihama, 285 Zahida, 173 Zahir, 314 Zahirites, 110, 112, 208, 209, 247, 249, 252, 261, 264, 287 Zahr, 42 Az-Zamakhshari, 195 Zann, 332 Zaydites, 36, 37, 46, 57, 59, 116, 188 Zihar, 355 Zina, 355 Zindiqs, 134 Az-Zuhri, 91