|
a |
Like a in German Mann. |
|
e |
Like e in helmet. |
|
i |
Like i in it. |
|
o |
Like o in German Mord. |
|
u |
Like u in German Furcht. |
|
â |
Like a in car. |
|
ê |
Like ea in great. |
|
î |
Like ee in teem. |
|
ô |
Like o in rose. |
|
û |
Like oo in loo. |
|
êi |
Long e with an i-tinge. |
|
ôu |
Long o with a u-tinge. |
|
í, ú |
Vowels of very short quantities. |
|
ä |
As in German wählen. |
|
a , e, i, E |
Superior vowels indicated only by the position of the mouth. |
|
Obscure vowel. |
|
ai |
Like i in island. |
|
au |
Like ou in mouth. |
|
eu |
Diphthong e + u. |
|
q |
Velar k. |
|
q! |
Same as preceding, with very great stress of explosion. |
|
ɣ |
Velar spirant produced way back in the palate, which often sounds like weak r. |
|
x |
Like ch in German Bach. |
|
g, k |
As in English, sonants and surds difficult to distinguish. |
|
k! |
Like k, with very great stress of explosion. |
|
g. |
Palatized g. |
|
k. |
Palatized k. |
|
k.! |
Palatized explosive k. |
|
x. |
Palatized ch. |
|
d, t |
As in English, surds and sonants difficult to distinguish. |
|
t! |
Like t, with very great stress of explosion. |
|
t` |
Aspirated t. |
|
s |
As in English. |
|
c |
Like sh in English she. |
|
dj |
Like j in English judge. |
|
ts |
As in English sits. |
|
tc |
Like ch in English church. |
|
|
|
ts!, tc! |
Same as preceding, but with very great stress of explosion. |
|
b, p |
As in English, surds and sonants difficult to distinguish. |
|
p! |
Like p, with very great stress of explosion. |
|
l, m, n |
As in English. |
|
n |
Vocalized n. |
|
l, m, n |
Very long. |
|
ɫ |
Spirant lateral. |
|
Sonant lateral pronounced very much like dl. |
|
Surd lateral pronounced very much like tl. |
|
Same as preceding, with very great stress of explosion. |
|
? |
Glottal catch. |
|
x |
Velar aspiration. |
|
x. |
Palatal aspiration. |
|
h, y, w |
As in English. |
|
' |
Stress accent. |
|
~ |
Accent with an interrogative intonation. |