1 White, i. 54 ff.; Grey, pp. 59, 81, 108.
2 White, i. 82.
3 The Tahitian versions give a different reason for the death of Hema; see Leverd, 1911, p. 176; id. 1912, p. 7. The Hawaiian version is still different; see Fornander, ii. 17.
4 In some versions this adventure relates to Tawhaki's grandmother, and not his mother.
5 By some accounts the meeting with the blind woman takes place only after Tawhaki has climbed up to the sky, in which attempt his brother, Karihi, falls and is killed. In these versions, Tawhaki takes Karihi's eyes with him and gives them to his blind ancestress, thus restoring her sight; see White, i. go, 128. For still different methods of restoring the sight, as told in other islands, see for Manihiki, Gill, 1876, p. 66; Mangaia, ib. p. 113; Nieuc, Smith, 1903b, p. 94; Tahiti, Leverd, 1912, p. 10; Samoa, Sierich, 1902, p. 178.
6 For the Hawaiian version of Rata see Thrum, p. 111.
7 Cf. the cannibal bird which carried off Hema in the Hawaiian version (Fornander, ii. 16, and note 2), and also the more definite description in the Tahitian form (Leverd, 1910, p. 181). There is a suggestion here of the giant birds (garudas?), sometimes of cannibalistic character, which occur in Indonesian tales, e. g., Borneo, Sundermann, 1912, p. 183; Halmahera, van Dijken, p. 257.
8 White, i. 119; Wohlers, p. 15. Cf. for Tahiti Leverd, 1911, p. 175.
9 Gill, 1876, p. 234; for a Melanesian parallel from the Admiralty Islands see Meier, 1907, p. 936.
10 Romilly, 1893, p. 143.
11 Leverd, 1911, p. 173; id. 1912, p. 1.
12 For other examples of a sky-deity coming down to marry a mortal man see Smith, 1910, p. 86. In the Tahitian versions, the way in which Hema, the father of Tawhaki, secures his wife is also suggestive of the "swan-maiden" theme; see Leverd, 1912, p. 5; id. 1911, p. 175.
13 Macdonald, 1892, p. 731; id. 1898, p. 765; Suas, 1912, p. 54; Codrington, pp. 172, 397.
14 Nufoor, van Hasselt, pp. 534, 543.
15 See infra, pp. 206 ff.
16 The scatalogic incidents of the Maori myth (White, i. 96) reappear in closely similar form in Tahiti (Gill, 1876, p. 255).
17 Fornander, i. 191.
18 Gill, 1876, p. 251; Leverd, 1912, p. ii.
19 Leverd, 1912, p. 9.
21 Leverd, 1912, p. 9.
22 New Hebrides, Suas, 1912, p. 66; Solomon Islands, Fox and Drew, p. 206.
23 Sumatra (Batak), Pleyte, 1905, p. 352.
24 Samoa, Tonga, and Fiji, Mariner, ii. 116; New Britain, von Pfeil, p. 149; Parkinson, p. 688; Meier, 1909, p. 85; see also Celebes, Adriani, 1902b, p. 210. Cf. also Manihiki, Gill, 1915, p. 151.
25 Kalakaua, p. 476.
26 Codrington, p. 383, note.
27 Walleser, p. 616.
28 New Hebrides, Macdonald, 1898, p. 767; New Guinea (Bilibili), Dempwolff, p. 86; (Kai) Keysser, p. 209.
29 Celebes, Hickson, p. 244.
30 Celebes, Graafland, i. 232.
31 Fornander, ii. 16.
32 Fornander, ii. 15, 17, note 2.
33 Celebes, Adriani, 1910, p. 246; Matthes, p. 434; Philippines (Subanun), Christie, p. 96.
35 Smith, 1904, pp. 102
36 Westervelt (quoted in JPS xx. 172 [1911]).
37 Leverd, 1910, p. 176.
38 Hawaii, Thrum, p. 111; Tahiti, Leverd, 1910, p. 178; Rarotonga, Savage, p. 147; Mangaia, Gill, 1876, p. 82; Aitutaki, ib. p. 143; Samoa, Stuebel, p. 148; Stair, 1895, p. 100; Union Group, Gill, 1912, p. 52. In Samoa it is Rata himself who restores the tree when others cut it down.
39 New Caledonia, Lambert, p. 329; Banks Islands, Codrington, p. 159; Santa Cruz, O'Ferral, p. 227; New Guinea (Taupota), Seligmann, p. 403; (Kuni) Egidi, 1913, p. 999; (Bilibili) Dempwolff, p. 76; (Jabim) Zahn, p. 390; (Tami) Bamler, p. 531.
40 Borneo, Gomes, p. 311; Philippines (Igorot), Seidenadel, p. 539.
41 New Guinea (Nufoor), van Hasselt, p. 530.
42 Halmahera (Loda), van Baarda, p. 409.
43 Solomon Islands, Codrington, p. 36S; Torres Straits, Haddon, 1904. p. 89; New Caledonia, Lambert, p. 345; Admiralty Islands, Meier, 1908, p. 206; New Britain, Meier, 1909, p. 197; New Guinea (Jabim), Zahn, p. 362. Cf. also Nauru, Hambruch, p. 426; Halmahera (Loda), van Baarda, pp. 427, 469; Sangir Islands, Adriani, 1894, p. 33; Soemba, Wielenga, p. 251; Sumatra (Achin), Hurgronje, ii. 127.
44 Torres Islands, Codrington, p. 375; New Britain, Meier, 1909, p. 185; New Ireland, Peekel, p. 69. These correspondences are, however, somewhat doubtful.
45 Malays, Brandes, 1894b, p. 63; Sunda, Kern, 1900, p. 376.
46 Kalakaua, p. 488.
47 Baessler, 1005, p. 922; Leverd, 1912, p. 2.
48 New Hebrides, Codrington, p. 402; New Guinea (Moresby), Romilly, 1889, p. 125; (Tami) Bamler, p. 535; (Nufoor) van Hasselt, p. 526.
49 Celebes (Toradja), Adriani, 1902a, p. 461.
50 White, i. 82, 86; Grey, p. 81. The incident of the visit to Rehua is also told of Tane; see White, i. 134, 145.
51 Gill, 1876, p. 88.
52 Shand, 1895, p. 39, note.
53 Westervelt, 1910, p. 125.
54 (Sulka) Rascher, p. 230.
55 Meier, 1908, p. 197.
56 Tahiti, Leverd, 1912, p. 8; Hawaii, Kalakaua, p. 478; Celebes (Minahassa), Hickson, p. 311; P. N. Wilken, p. 324; Halmahera (Tobelo), Hueting, pp. 76, 161.
57 White, ii. 4; Smith, 1913, p. 182.
58 White, i. 131, 136, 145; Wohlers, p. 9.
60 Cf. the remarkable parallel in Japan, Chamberlain, p. 34.
61 White, i. 147.
62 Gill, 1876, p. 221.
63 Thrum, p. 43; J. S. Emerson, p. 37; cf. New Zealand, Hongi, 1896, p. 118.
64 Cf. Thrum, p. 86.
65 Cf. Halmahera (Loda), van Baarda, p. 433; also perhaps New Guinea (Bilibili), Dempwolff, p. 70; (Jabim) Zahn, p. 389; (Tami) Bamler, p. 530.
66 Cf. Banks Islands, Codrington, p. 277.
67 Cf. New Zealand, Hongi, 1896, p. 119.
68 White, ii. 163; see also Hongi, 1896, p. 118.
70 Banks Islands, Codrington, p. 277; New Hebrides, ib. p. 286; cf. also New Guinea (Kai), Keysser, pp. 204, 237; Celebes (Minahassa), P. N. Wilken, p. 330. This incident does not seem to have been recorded elsewhere in Polynesia; but the reverse idea, that the eating of earthly food is fatal to denizens of the underworld, is known from Tonga; see Mariner, ii. 115.
71 One may perhaps compare this with the use of the method of bending and snapping back a tree to kill an enemy in the following places: Banks Islands, Codrington, p. 165; New Hebrides, Suas, 1912, p. 66; Halmahera (Loda), van Baarda, p. 441.
72 Stuebel, p. 151.
73 Efate, Macdonald, 1898, p. 765.
74 Codrington, p. 277.
75 (Kai) Keysser, p. 213.
76 White, ii. 9, 12.
78 Gill, 1876, p. 265.
79 Smith, 1903b, p. 102.
80 Romilly, 1893, p. 144.
81 O'Ferral, p. 231.
82 Marshall Islands, Erdland, p. 243. Cf. also Malay Peninsula, Skeat and Blagden, ii. 336; India, Kathâsaritsâgara, tr. C. H. Tawney, Calcutta, 1880, i. 227.
83 White, ii. 37.
85 White, ii. 141; cf. Grey, p. 99.
88 For other versions of this tale see White, ii. 127; Grey, p. 9.
89 White, ii. 167.
91 This incident of inanimate objects replying in place of a fugitive seems not to be recorded elsewhere in Polynesia. It is, however, known in Melanesia: New Guinea (Goodenough Bay), Ker, p. 32; (Cape King William) Stolz, p. 274; (Jabim) Zahn, p. 337; (Nufoor) van Hasselt, p. 526; New Ireland, Peekel, p. 29. It also occurs in Funafuti, David, p. 102, and widely in Indonesia: Halmahera (Galela), van Dijken, p. 264; (Loda) van Baarda, pp. 434, 455; (Tobelo) Hueting, p. 120; Sangir Islands, Adriani, 1894) p. 55; Celebes (Toradja), Adriani, 1898, p. 373; Philippines (Bagobo), Benedict, p. 43.
92 Grey, p. 123.
93 Halmahera (Galela), van Dijken, p. 207; Celebes (Toradja), Adriani, 1902a, p. 407; (Minahassa) P. N. Wilken, p. 382; Riedel, 1869c, p. 314; Philippines (Visayan), Maxfield and Millington, 1907, p. 317; Bayliss, p. 47; (Bagobo) Benedict, p. 60; (Tinguian) Cole, 1915, p. 195; Marshall Islands, Erdland, p. 247; Borneo (Kenya), Hose and Macdougal, ii. 148; India, Jâtaka, No. 543.
94 White, ii. 20.
95 White, ii. 21.
96 Gill, 1876, p. 45.
97 Nakuina, p. 101 (reprinted in Thrum, p. 133).
98 Celebes (Tontemboan), Juynboll, p. 323.
99 Gilbert Islands, Krämer, p. 434.
100 New Guinea (Kai), Keysser, p. 215.
101 Halmahera (Loda), van Baarda, p. 467; Sangir Islands, Adriani, 1894, p. 64; Rotti, Jonker, 1905, 413; Java (Bantam), Pleyte, 1910, p. 135; Philippines (Igorot), Seidenadel, p. 562.
102 New Britain (Sulka), Rascher, p. 234.
103 Forbes, 1882, p. 36 (reprinted in Thrum, p. 63).
104 New Britain (Gazelle Peninsula), Kleintitschen, p. 339; Meier, 1909, p. 211.
105 Nauru, Hambruch, p. 406.
