THE science of Heraldry has faithfully preserved to modern times various phases of some of those remarkable legends, which, based upon a study of natural phenomena, exhibit the process whereby the greater part of mythology has come into existence. There we find the solar Gryphon, 1 the solar Phoenix, 2 'a demi-eagle displayed issuing from flames of fire,' 3 the solar Lion, and the lunar Unicorn, which two latter noble creatures now harmoniously support the Royal Arms. I propose in the following pages to examine the myth of the Unicorn, the wild, white, fierce, chaste Moon, whose two horns, unlike those of mortal creatures, are indissolubly twisted into one;
Dallaway conjectures that 'the tester or armour for horses’ heads in the centre of which a long spike was fixed, suggested the idea of a beast so defended
The Lion is the only animal that appears on the shields in The Roll of Arms known as the Roll of King Henry III.; the Unicorn, however, although not found on any shield in The Roll of Karlaverok, is mentioned by the herald who composed the MS. Siege de Karlaverok, now in the British Museum. He says:— 'Robert le seignour de Cliffort, Robert the lord of Clifford,
'Symon de Montagu, Simon de Montagu,A MYTHOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION.
SECTION I.
THE HERALDIC UNICORN.
A ki raisons donne confort
De ses enemis emcombrer,
Toutes les foiz ki remembrer
Ki puet de son noble lignage.
Escoce pregn à teismoignage,
Ke ben e noblement commence,
Cum cil ki est de la semence
Le Conte Mareschal le noble
Ki par dela Constentinoble
A l’unicorn se combati
E desouz li mort le abati.
To whom reason gives consolation
To overcome his enemies,
Every time he calls to memory
The fame of his noble lineage.
He calls Scotland to bear witness,
That he begins well and nobly,
As one who is of the race
Of the noble Earl Marshall,
Who beyond Constantinople
Fought with the Unicorn
And struck him dead beneath him.' 6
Ke avoit baniere e escu
De inde, au grifoun rampant de or fin.
Who had a banner and shield
Blue, with a griffin rampant of fine gold.' 1
Sir Harris Nicholas observes that 'the exploit which is said to have been performed by the Earl Marshall at Constantinople in slaying a unicorn, which probably referred to a tradition familiar at the time of some deed of one of the Marshall family in the Holy Land,' is not 'elsewhere commemorated.' 2
In opposition to the opinion that the Unicorn could be captured by means of the stratagem above mentioned, it was more generally held that, like the Gryphon, 3 'the Unicorne is never taken alive; and the reason being demanded, it is answered, that the greatnesse of his mind is such, that he choseth rather to die than to be taken alive.' 4 The real reason why both Gryphon and Unicorn are safe from capture is sufficiently obvious.
Cnut is said amongst other 'naval devices,' to have 'exhibited unicorns, centaurs, dragons, lions, dolphins, and human figures. The swift unicorn, either Anglo-Saxon or Dane, was obliged to fly before the two Norman leopards [or perhaps "lions" 5]. Hence
'The earliest extant example of the unicorn as a supporter in the royal arms of Scotland, appears to be that which occurs in the royal achievement carved above the gateway of Rothsay Castle. The Lyon king of arms, who examined it carefully last summer, told me that this carving appeared to him to be contemporaneous with the part of the building in which it is inserted, which, considering the style of the architecture and various entries in the Exchequer Rolls relative to the building of Rothsay Castle, he was disposed to assign to the time of Robert II. or III. [1380-1400]. In 1486 or 1487 two gold coins were struck, value respectively 18s. and 9s., and called the unicorn and half-unicorn, from the circumstance that they bore on one side the figure of a unicorn sejant supporting the royal escutcheon. In the same reign—that of James III.—we first find unicorn pursuivant.' 2
The following instances (amongst many) exhibit the Unicorn as a Charge:—
The Arms of Sir John Rest, Lord Mayor of London in 1516, are Azure, on a Fess, between 3 Crosses Milroine, Or, a Unicorn couchant, Gules. This position of the Unicorn is very unusual. Mythologically, the bronze-red setting Moon.
The Family of Farrington bore Sable, 3 Unicorns, Current, Argent, 1 & 1 & 1; mythologically, the wild white Moon of triple aspect, 2 flying through the dark clouds.
The Family of Shelley bore Gules, 3 Unicorn's heads couped, by 2 & 1.
The Tincture of the Unicorn is generally Argent, i.e., the ordinary colour of the Moon, Leukotheê, 'the White-goddess,' 3 the Semitic Lebhânâ, the Pale-shiner, as distinguished from the burning, golden Tammuz-Adonis, the Akkadian Dumuzi or 'Only-son' of the diurnal heaven.' 4 'The proper colour of the moon we in Heraldry take to be Argent, both for the weakness of the light, and also for the distinction betwixt the blazoning of it and the Sun; and therefore when we blazon by Planets, we name Gold Sol, and Silver Luna.' 5
One or two Crests in which the Unicorn appears are of special interest inasmuch as most archaic ideas seem to have been unconsciously preserved in them. Thus:—
The Crest of the Bickerstaff Family is the Sun with sable rays (i.e., the nocturnal sun), surmounted
The Heraldic Moon is either Increscent, i.e., the new moon with horns turned towards the dexter side of the shield; in Complement, i.e., the full moon; Decrescent, i.e., the waning moon with horns turned towards the sinister side of the shield; or in Detriment, i.e., when eclipsed. 2 In this state it is emblazoned Sable. The Face in the Orb 3 is shown at times.
James I. introduced the (Scottish) Unicorn, argent, as the Sinister Supporter of the Royal Arms; and Guillim describes the Arms of Charles I. as 'supported by a Lyon rampand, SOL: and an Unicorn, LUNA.' 4
1:1 Vide R. B. Jr., G.D.M. i. 334 et seq.; ii. 58-9. 'A male Griffin is distinguished by two straight horns rising from the forehead, and rays of gold which issue from various parts of the body' (Cussans, H.H. 93), the horned and radiate Sun (vide G.D.M. cap. IX. sec. iii. Taurokerôs).
1:2 Vide R. B. Jr., The Archaic Solar-Cult of Egypt, in the Theological Review, Oct. 1878, p. 525.
1:3 Cussans, H.H. 95.
2:1 The Boke of Saint Albans, xliii.
2:2 Vide sec. VIII.
2:3 Spencer, An Elegie for Astrophell.
2:4 Fosbroke, E.A. ii. 1022.
2:5 Dallaway, Inquiries into the Origin and Progress of the Science of Heraldry in England, 1793, p. 421.
3:1 Vide sec. III.
3:2 Vide Frontispiece. And sec. VI.
3:3 Fosbroke, E.A. ii. 892.
3:4 Ibid. 878-9.
3:5 Halliwell, Dict. of Archaic and Provincial Words, in voc.
3:6 Wright, The Roll of Caerlaveroek, 11-12.
4:1 Wright, The Roll of Caerlaverock, 17.
4:2 The Siege of Carlaverock, 186.
4:3 'The Griffon having attained his full growth, will never be taken alive' (Guillim, D.H. 259).
4:4 Ibid. 176.
4:5 Vide Scott, Lord of the Isles, vi. 35. Also Cussans, H.H. 79, upon the quaestio vexata whether the Shield of England originally bore Lions or Leopards.
5:1 Brunet, Regal Armorie of Great Britain, 219.
5:2 Letter from Thomas Dickson Esq., dated July 1, 1880.
6:1 Job, xxxi. 26.
6:2 Vide sec. VI.
6:3 Vide sec. VIII.
6:4 Vide R. B. Jr., G.D.M. i. 256.
6:5 Guillim, D.H. 111.
7:1 Vide sec. XII., subsec. 3.
7:2 Vide sec. V.
7:3 Vide secs. V., VII.
7:4 D.H. 440. The Throne is thus represented as firmly established as the course of nature.
