1. They now 2 do what is auspicious for him. They now prepare a burial-place (smasâna 3) for him,
4. Let him make it in autumn, for the autumn is the Svadhâ, and the Svadhâ is the food of the Fathers: he thus places him along with food, the Svadhâ;--or in (the month of) Mâgha, thinking, 'Lest (mâ) sin (agha) be in us;'--or in summer (nidâgha), thinking, 'May thereby be removed (nidhâ) our sin (agha)!'
5. Four-cornered (is the sepulchral mound). Now the gods and the Asuras, both of them sprung from Pragâpati, were contending in the (four) regions (quarters). The gods drove out the Asuras, their rivals and enemies, from the regions, and, being regionless, they were overcome. Wherefore the people who are godly make their burial-places four-cornered, whilst those who are of the Asura nature, the Easterns and others 2, (make them)
6. Now as to the choosing of the ground. He makes it on ground inclining towards the north, for the north is the region of men: he thus gives him (the deceased) a share in the world of men; and in that respect, indeed, the Fathers share in the world of men that they have offspring; and his (the deceased man's) offspring will, indeed, be more prosperous.
7. 'Let him make it on ground inclining towards the south,' they say, 'for the world of the Fathers inclines towards the south: he thus gives him a share in the world of the Fathers.' Let him not do so, however, for, indeed, such a one is an opening tomb, and certainly another of these (members of the dead man's family) quickly follows him in death.
9. On any level (ground) where the waters, flowing thither from a south-easterly direction 3, and coming to a stand-still, will, on reaching that (north-westerly) quarter, without pressing forward 4, join imperishable water 5, on that (ground) one may make (the tomb); for, water being food, one thereby offers food to him from the front towards the back; and, water being the drink of immortality, and that region between the rising of the seven Rishis 6 and the setting of the sun being the quarter of the living, one thereby bestows the drink of immortality upon the living:--and such a one, indeed, is a closing tomb; and verily what is good for the living that is also good for the Fathers.
11. Whilst being secluded it should have the sun shining on it from above 1: in that it is secluded one hides his sin; and in that it has the sun shining on it from above---yonder sun being the remover of evil--he, indeed, removes the evil from him, and he also causes him to be endowed with the radiance of the sun.
12. Let him not make it where it would be visible from here 2, for assuredly it is beckoning, and another of these (members of his family) quickly follows (the deceased) in death.
13. Let there be beautiful objects 3 at the back,--for beautiful objects mean offspring: beautiful objects, offspring, will thus accrue to him. If there be no beautiful objects, let there be water either at the back or on the left (north) side, for water is indeed a beautiful object; and beautiful objects, offspring, will indeed accrue to him.
14. He makes it on salt (barren) soil, for salt means seed; the productive thus makes him partake in productiveness, and in that respect, indeed, the
16. Let him not put it near (where grows) Bhûmipâsa 3, or reeds, or Asmagandhâ 4, or Adhyândâ, or Prisniparnî ('speckled-leaf,' Hemionitis cordifolia); nor let him make it near either an Asvattha (Ficus religiosa), or a Vibhîtaka (Terminalia bellerica), or a Tilvaka (Symplocos racemosa), or a Sphûrgaka (Diospyros embryopteris), or a Haridru (Pinus deodora), or a Nyagrodha (Ficus indica), or
17. Now as to the order of procedure. For an Agnikit (builder of a fire-altar) one makes the tomb after the manner of the fire-altar; for when a Sacrificer builds a fire-altar he thereby constructs for himself by sacrifice a (new) body for yonder world; but that sacrificial performance is not complete until the making of a tomb; and when he makes the tomb of the Agnikit after the manner of the fire-altar, it is thereby he completes the Agnikityâ.
18. One must not make it (too) large lest he should make the sin (of the deceased) large. 'Let him make it as large as the fire-altar without wings and tail,' say some, 'for like that of the fire-altar is this his (the Sacrificer's) body.'
19. But let him rather make it just of man's size: he thus leaves no room for another;--broader (varîyas) behind 2, for what is (left) behind is offspring: he thus makes the (dead man's) offspring more excellent 3 (varîyas);--and broader on the left (north 4 or higher, uttara) side, for the later (uttara)
20. He then bids them cut out (the earth). He should cut it out to whatever extent he intends to raise (the sepulchral mound), but let him rather cut it out so as to be just of man's size: he thus leaves no room for another. For, on the one hand 2, the Fathers are the world of plants, and amongst the roots of plants they (are wont to) hide; and, on the other 2, (he does so) lest he (the deceased) should be separated from this (earth).
421:2 The commentator is at pains to show that 'atha' here has not the force of 'thereupon'--that is after the performance of the Sarvamedha--but that of introducing a new topic ('Now, they do . . .'); and that therefore the directions about to be given are by no means intended to apply only to one who has performed the Sarvamedha, or even to the Agnikit, or builder of a fire-altar, but also to others.
421:3 Yâska (Nir. III, 5) resolves this word into 'sman' (body) + 'sayana' (couch); whilst Prof. Weber, Ind. Stud. I, p. 189, proposes 'asman' (stone) + 'sayana' (couch). The smasâna; or burial-place, sepulchre, is constructed in the form of a tumulus, or grave-mound.
422:1 Viz. the Sacrificer, the performer of the funeral rites, being the next of kin.
422:2 This is the way in which the scholiasts interpret the corresponding rule, Kâty. Sr. XXI, 3, 1 (pitrimdhah samvatsarâsmritau), instead of 'when they do not remember it (even once) for years, he brings it about that the sin is forgotten, even in case they should remember it,' as Prof. Delbrück, Altind. Syntax, p. 351 translates the passage. For the subject of the verb 'they remember it,' Prof. Delbrück supplies 'pitarah,' i.e. the dead man's deceased ancestors, instead of the living people, which seems rather improbable. The comment is very corrupt, but it makes at least some allusion to 'people's talk':--na srutih srutyabhâvas (tam) tena kirakaranena agham pâpakaranam gamayati, kirât smasânam kurvasraranam (? kurvatah sravanam) ganavâdo
423:1 That is, a lunar mansion consisting of a single star, such as Kitrâ and Pushya (in contradistinction to such in the dual, as Punarvasû and Visâkhe, and to those in the plural number, as the Krittikâs). As regards the symbolic connection of the uneven number with the deceased ancestors, the commentator reminds us of the fact that it is the father, grandfather, and great-grandfather who represent the Fathers.--The only available MS. of the commentary (Ind. Off. 149) terminates at this place.
423:2 Yâ âsuryah prâkyâs tvad ye tvat parimandalâni (smasânâni kurvate),--Prof. Weber, Ind. Stud. I, p. 189, takes this in the sense of 'part of the prâkya, the âsuryah pragâh of them (hence probably
424:2 That is, by means of the sides of the grave which are to face the intermediate points of the compass.
425:1 This is meant as a literal rendering of 'pratyarsha.' What is intended thereby would seem to be either a cutting made into southward sloping ground, in such a way as to make the cut piece of ground rise towards the south, or perhaps such a part of the southward inclined ground as naturally rises towards the south. The St. Petersburg Dict. suggests 'steep bank (escarpment), or side (of a hill).' Kâty. XXI, 3, 15 (kakshe) seems also to imply some kind of hollow ground, surrounded by bushes and trees.
425:2 That is, apparently, lightened, or improving, sin.
425:3 It might also mean, in a south-easterly direction, but the comparison with food introduced into the mouth from the front (east) and the specification of the opposite direction evidently point to the above meaning.
425:4 That is, without urging forward the standing water which they join, but quickly flowing into it.
425:5 That is, apparently, such a lake as never dries up.
425:6 That is, Ursa major, the Great Bear, or Charles's Wain.
426:1 That is, it should be in a place where at midday the rays of the sun do not fall obliquely on it, Kâty. XXI, 3, 15 comm.
426:2 That is, from the village, cf. Kâty. XXI, 3, 18.
426:3 Or, beautiful ground (kitra). According to the comments on Kâty. XXI, 3, 23 this means that the site of the grave should be so chosen that there are at the back (or west) of it, either woods of various kinds, or ground diversified by woods, hills, temples (!) &c.
427:1 Whilst their share would have been excessive, if all the ground covered with vegetation were assigned to them. It is also worthy of note that Kâty. Sr. XXV, 7, 17, in enumerating the plants which are to be removed from the site of the funeral pile, mentions (apparently in the place of our Bhûmipâsâ) the Visâkha, explained by the commentator as identical with 'dûrvâ'; and Sir H. M. Elliott, Races of the N. W. Province of India, II, p. 303, remarks, on the Dûb grass (Agrestis linearis, or Cynodon dactylon), that 'its tenacity whenever it once fixes its roots has caused it to be used in a common simile when the attachment of Zamiṅdârs to their native soil is spoken of.'
427:2 Apparently lit. 'binding (itself),'? i.e. either restricted in quantity, or limited to his own person, not transmitted to his son. Cf. XIII, 8, 3, 10. It can hardly be taken in the sense of 'binding the sin.'
427:3 Literally, 'Earth-net,' apparently some troublesome creeping plant corresponding to our rest-harrow (Ononis arvensis or spinosa), or couch-grass (Triticum repens), but of tropical dimensions.
427:4 Lit. 'rock-smell,' perhaps identical with Asvagandhâ (lit. 'horse-smell,' Physalis flexuosa).
428:1 The commentator, on Kâty. XXI, 3, 20, and Vâg. S. XXXV, 1, instances the sleshmântaka ('antiphlegmatic,' i.e. Cordia latifolia or myxa) and the kovidâra ('bad for splitting,' Bauhinia variegata; which, according to Stewart and Brandis, shows vertical cracks in the bark).
428:2 The grave being constructed in such a way that the four corners lie in the direction of the four quarters, the back, or west side of the grave would really mean the side facing the north-west.
428:3 Or, perhaps, more extended, more numerous or prosperous.
428:4 In reality, the north means here the side facing the north-east. The side of the tumulus is to form a quadrilateral, of which the two sides intersecting each other at the north corner, are to be longer than the two which intersect at the south corner; viz. each of the
429:2 I do not see how the usual force of 'atho'--viz. that of introducing a new element or argument either analogous, or not quite conformable, to what precedes (cf. Delbrück, Altind. Syntax, p. 513)--can apply to this double use of the particle. The two 'atho' seem to introduce the reasons for his digging up the ground, and for his not digging up more than a man's size.
