The following notes are based on a trip to the Indian reservations in the vicinity of Highland, Banning, and Indio in Southern California. The specimens described and illustrated were secured, through the generosity of Mrs. Phoebe A. Hearst, for the Museum of the Department of Anthropology of the University of California. The reservations visited are inhabited by Shoshonean Indians, mainly speaking the Serrano and Cahuilla dialects. Indians speaking Chemehuevi, Gabrielino, and Agua Caliente were also found. The three groups of reservations, while within a stretch of less than a hundred miles, are in totally The home par excellence of the Serrano was the San Bernardino range and the desert tableland extending between this and the Tehachapi range to the north. It is therefore easy to see how their name, which signifies "mountaineers," came to be applied to them. The only region in which they are known to have held any fruitful low-lying plain was in the San Bernardino valley. Redlands, San Bernardino, and Colton were all in Serrano territory. Riverside and Jurupa were near the meeting
Wachavak San Bernardino. Yukaipat Yucaipa, east of Redlands. Ar’hangk a small hill west of Colton. Hunguvat hills southeast of Colton, across the river, probably Box Springs mountains and the hills farther north. Hikavanü’t 2 a large hill west of Colton, probably Jurupa mountain. Murkat mountains south or southwest of Colton, probably the Sierra Santa Ana. Kukamonat Cucamonga. Wahinut Cajon canyon. Kwiria-kaich 3 San Gorgonio mountain. Kayakhpiat Bear like. Achavat a lake to the north of the last. Atanpat a sierra to the north. Padjüdjüt (warm water), the stream flowing north from Little Bear valley, the upper Mohave river. Nanamüvyat six large stones, "goddesses," in or near Little Bear valley. Kotainat 4 Santa Ana river near Highland. Mara Morongo valley or Mission Creek. The above, except Murkat, are all in Serrano territory. Savova San Jacinto reservation. Luvus place or tribe south, in vicinity of Cahuilla reservation. This does not have the appearance of a Serrano word. Aya-kaich 3 San Jacinto mountain. Akavat 6 San Timoteo and Banning, the country of the Wanupiapayum Cahuilla. Kawishmu a small hill east of White Water, marking the boundary between the Wanupiapayum and the desert Cahuilla. The "Paiuches" and Chemehuevi are called Yoaka-yam, from yoaka, perhaps the term for a high mountain or range. This word was applied by a Vanyume or "Möhineyam" Serrano of Mohave river to the Chemehuevi. 7 It appears to be the Serrano term for the Ute-Chemehuevi in general. The desert Cahuilla are Kitanemun-um, those of San Gorgonio pass Wanupiapay-um. The former word resembles Gitanemuk, the name of the Serrano of Tejon. For themselves, the Serrano perhaps had no name. Kaiviat-am was obtained. This is a derivative from kai-ch (qaitc), mountain. It is not certain whether it is an old term denotive of the tribal and linguistic group or a translation of Spanish "Serrano." As regards the Cahuilla, the tribal affiliations of the Colorado desert people have always been undoubted, whereas Gorgonio pass has been disputed territory. It has been stated that the Indians of Morongo reservation near Banning were mixed Serranos and Cahuillas. This is literally true. Nevertheless the number of true Serrano on this reservation is small. The Indians are predominatingly Cahuilla, and both tribes state that the pass in the vicinity of the reservation was always Cahuilla territory. These Banning Cahuilla however answer indiscriminately to the name of Serrano or Cahuilla, and seem to apply
The Cahuilla of Palm Springs or Agua Caliente form part of the San Gorgonio pass group. San Jacinto mountain is said to have belonged to these Indians. Palm Springs is less than eight miles in a direct line from the summit of this peak. Nothing new was ascertained as to the territory of the desert Cahuilla. They live in a number of reservations in the flat valley, near its center or towards its western side. These sites appear to have been among their principal habitations in aboriginal times. It is doubtful whether they claimed definite limits to the more barren outlying portions of their territory. To the north there seems every reason for assuming that the limit, if any existed, was the crest of the San Bernardino range, which is here of no great altitude. To the southeast they extended at least to the northern end of the Salton sink. Near the southern end of this ancient lake there were formerly Yuman villages. Twenty-nine Palms in the Mohave desert north of Indio, formerly in Serrano territory, is now held chiefly by Chemehuevi. Within the past few years several families of these Chemehuevi have removed from Twenty-nine Palms on account of the difficulty of finding subsistence there, and are now on the Cahuilla reservation of Cabezon, near Coachella, three miles southeast of Indio. The Cahuilla cannot communicate with them except in English or Spanish, though the two languages belong to the same family. The Cahuilla state that these Indians did not formerly live at Twenty-nine Palms, but to the east near the Mohave, and that when they fought that tribe many years ago, they were defeated and fled to this place. This statement corresponds with a quotation made by Dr. Barrows from an Indian Office report, according to which a number of Chemehuevi had in 1867 fled from their enemies, the Mohave, across the desert into Cahuilla territory. Mohave accounts also tell of their war about this time with the tribe with which they had previously maintained friendly relations. For the sake of corroboration the few Chemehuevi at Cabezon were questioned as to their places of birth. All the younger people to about the age of forty were born in Twenty-nine Palms, while all the old people are from the vicinity of what they call the Mohave river, that is the Colorado, the river of the Mohaves. One elderly man was born near Pahrump, in southern Nevada. Their dialect was found to be the same as that of the Chemehuevi questioned some years ago. The presence of these Chemehuevi at Twenty-nine Palms and
Pimu Santa Catalina island. Kingki (evidently San Clemente island.) Chauvi in vicinity of San Pedro (Reid, Chowi-gna, Palos Verdes). Ungövi-pit Salinas, i.e., Redondo, previously given as Ongoving. 8 Wenot Los Angeles. 9 Wach-bit San Bernardino. Yukaipa Yucaipa. Ashuksha-vit given as La Puente, but evidently Azuza, Reid's Asuksa-gna. Shua-vit given as a place on the coast near Palos Verdes or Cerritos: evidently Reid's Sua-ngna, Suanga. Akura-nga San Gabriel; Akura-gna is given by Reid 10 for La Presa, and San Gabriel is Siba-gna. Apachia-ng a small lake near San Gabriel. Kukamo-nga Cucamonga; Reid, 10 Kukomo-gna. Pashina-nga Chino; Reid Pasino-gna. Khurupa Jurupa. Toibi San Jose; Reid Toibi-pet. Sovovo San Jacinto. 32:1 Shoshonean Dialects of California, present series, IV, 132, 1907. 34:2 Or Yikavanü’t. 34:3 Qaitc, mountain. 34:4 Qotainat. 35:5 "The largest village" according to the Highland informant. 35:6 Aqavat. The frequent -at of these names is perhaps a locative suffix. 35:7 Present series, II, 140. 37:7a Cahuilla Indians from Cahuilla reservation, seen at the Indian conference in Riverside, April, 1908, stated that there were slight differences between their speech and that of the desert Cahuilla.
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