Two Cahuilla vocabularies were obtained, one from Antonio Martinez at Cabezon in the desert, the other from Jose Miguel at Banning. The former represents the dialect of the Colorado desert, the latter the dialect of San Gorgonio Pass and Palm Springs. Antonio Martinez has an unusually clear enunciation. Jose Miguel is from Agua Caliente, the hot springs of Warner's ranch, where the dialect of that name, somewhat different from both Cahuilla and Luiseño, is spoken. He has lived long at Banning, and appears to speak Cahuilla with more readiness than his closely related native speech. The difference between the desert and the Banning dialects of Cahuilla is scarcely perceptible. The only word found in which the two distinctly differ was the example chosen by Jose Miguel to illustrate the diversity: no, which is ki’i in the desert and qowa in the pass. A number
Five, namu-qwan-añ; six, qwan-supli; seven, qon-wi’; eight, qon-pa’; nine, qon-witcu, or qon-witciw‘; eleven, peta-supli; twelve, peta-wi‘; etc.; sixteen, peta-qwan-supli; twenty, wis namitcumi; twenty-one, wis namitcumi peta-supli; thirty, pas namitcumi; forty, witcius namitcumi; fifty to ninety, namugwanañes, kwansuplis, qonwis, qonpas, qonwitcius namitcumi; one hundred, supli pisetiwenit.
Man, naxanyic, naxanic; woman, nyitcil, nitcil; boy, qeat, kiat, plural, qiqitam; girl, ñawicmal; girl at puberty, elka; young man, eqwacmal (cf. Luiseño aqwalimai, baby); old man, naxaluwil; old woman, nyicluwil, nicluwil; person, taxliswit, people, taxliswitcem; whites—Spanish-speaking, tciatcem, American, melkitcem.
My father, ne-na; my mother, ni-ye; my son, ne-mailyoa; my daughter, ne-suñama; my elder brother, ne-pas; my younger brother, ne-yul; my elder sister, ne-qic; my younger sister, ne-nawail.
Head, hair, yuluka, nu-yuluka; skull, yuluka-kavoma; forehead, wi’i, ne-wi’i; ear, naq’a, ne-naq’a; eye, he-puc, ne-puc; eyebrows, yul-sev-em; eyelashes, puc-tcavay-am; nose, he-mu, ne-mu; mouth, lip, teeth, tam’a, no-tam’a; tongue, he-nañ, ne-nañ; beard, yul-tamam, ne-yul-tamum (hair-mouth); chin, eyewoka; neck, qily’i, ne-qily’i; throat, quspi; arm, hand, he-ma’, ne-ma’; elbow, puviam, ne-puvium; nail, sal’u, ne-sal’o; belly, tii; breast, he-tau‘, he-tawh, ne-tau; back, husa; back-bone, hululu; ribs, tcawaa; shoulder, sek’a; collarbone, qawinaxa; leg, foot, he’-i, ne’-i; knee, tam’i, ne-tam’i; ankle, he’-i qawa; hip, pakiwa; bone, te’i, plural te’il, ne-te’i; heart, he-sun, ne-sun; liver, nem’a, ne-nem’a; lungs, yavaiwa; kidney, pipiviskun; intestines, sai; brain, yuxosxo; fat, he-wi; fat person, a fat one, wi-k; milk, he-pily; skin, sav’a; blood ("of a person"), he-ewh, he’-ew‘, ne-ew; "much blood," ew‘-il.
Chief, net, kik; shaman, pul; rich, mexana-k; poor, sunsunik’a.
House, kic; my house, ne-ki; houses, kikic; sweat-house, huyetcat; knife, iron, dukvac (sky); road, pit.
Sky, iron, dukvac, dukmatbic; sun, tamiat, damiat; moon, menyil, menil; star, suwet, stars, suwet-em; night, dukmiat; day, hatiwenet, damet-pik; thunder, memla qalet; "thunder strikes," pipivan qalet; lightning, tauwal; rainbow, piaxtem; meteor, ñamñam; large low meteor, living on San Jacinto mountain, dakuc; comet, suwet he-qwasqa (star its-tail); fog, paxic, baxic; rain, wewinyic, wewunic; snow, ice, yuyat; hail, tevaxalem; fire, kut, gut; smoke, miat; steam, mululkal; ash, nisxic; coal, dul; water, pal, bal; ocean,
Wood, tree, qelawat, gelawat; grass, brush, samat; mesquite, menyikic; screw mesquite, qwinyal; cottonwood, lavalvaanat; willow, saxat; tree yucca, panuul; chia (sage seeds), pasal; species of seeds, seic, butcil. Dog, awal; bear, hunwet; wolf, iswet; coyote, isil; deer, sukat; antelope, tenil, plural, tenl-am; horse (probably originally elk), pa-sukat (water-deer? On Cahuilla reservation, in the mountains, the Spanish caballo is used for horse); mountain-sheep, baat; panther, dukwet; wild-cat, dukut; fox, wilyal; skunk, tekwil; badger, hunal; jackrabbit, suic; rabbit, tavut, tevit-em; ground-squirrel, qiñic; rat, qawil. Bird, wik’ikmal, plural, wik’ikmaily-am; eagle, aswit; condor, yuñawivut; buzzard, yuñawi-c; species of hawk, qwaal, kisil, gaukuc; owl, mut; ground-owl, ququl; raven, alwat; crows, alwamaily-am; blackbirds, paxantcim; dove, maxivit or maxayil; road-runner, puic; ducks, xanamo-im (cf. Mohave, hanemo, duck); hummingbird, dutcil. Rattlesnake, sewet; gopher-snake, bukawet; milk-snake, palokol; large red snake, tataxul; lizard, mulyak, tcaxul-am; turtle, ayil; frog, toad, waxatcil; fish, kiyul. Fly, a’awat; species of spiders, xwalxwal, kuituk; tarantula, qweyexevac; bees, sasañ-em; yellow-jacket, kumsexwet; worms, sivuyal-em; large ants, ant-em; small ants, kuvucnily-am; fleas, mukatc-em; lice, qo-am. White, tewie-neck’c; black, tul-nekic (dul, coal); red, sel-nekic; yellow, teset-nekic; green, blue, tukwic-nekic (dukvac, sky); large, amnawat; small, little, inyis, inyic-il; good, atca-i; it is well, atca-m; bad, elelkwic. I, ne; thou, e; we, tcemem; ye, emem; this, iv’i; that, he, pe; those, they, pe-em; here, ipa’; there, peña; much, metewet; who, haxi; to-day, iv’ax; yesterday, tuku, duku; tomorrow, tulekaan, paiba; far, xawun; near, suntci; yes, hè’; it is well, atcam; no, ki’i (in desert), qowa (in San Gorgonio pass). Eat, wayaki; I will eat, hen-wayek-nik; I have eaten, aina-wayaki; hunger, qwalyipic nemok; drink, pa; thirst, takotpic nemuk; run, peniwa-ka; dance, hen-tceñen-ka; sing, hen-taxmu-ka; sleep, en-kup-ka, kup-e, kup-le, kup-le-wet; kill, meka; dead, mukic; alive, mo-ne-hyukal; sit, ne-hiukyal; sit down, nyatce; stand, tawic-nik; I will lie down, ipantatcawe-nik; gamble, hen-tuxpi-ka, malis-wik; cry, hen-ñan-ik; shout, hen-wai-ka; jump, hen-pepotcax-ka; fly, hen-hiñ-ik; hit with stick, pelwuk-ik; hit with hand, pen-katcin-ka; give, e-max-ik; give me, ne-max-ai. Velar sounds are readily distinguished from forward k sounds in Cahuilla, though not uttered with the forcible or spirant quality which they often tend to possess in other languages. Glottal stops occur both after final vowels, such as -ma’, hand, between vowels, as in te’i, bone, and after consonants preceding Stems and Combinations of Consonants. Consonants in juxtaposition are not rare in Cahuilla, but a regular alternation of vowel and consonant is more frequent. So many of the combinations of consonants are evidently due to composition, reduplication, or shortening under the influence of suffixes, that there is every reason for concluding that Cahuilla stems never contain double consonants. In a small number of words there are combinations of consonants which in the present state of knowledge cannot be explained by any of the above processes. But these words are so few, and have so little inherent appearance of being stems, that they can furnish but very doubtful evidence. The consonants qw or kw, ly, and ny, in such words as namuqwanañ, qwinal, hipily, qily’i, naxanyic, nyitcil, menyil, wanyic, must be regarded as only developments of consonants that were single in the original forms of these stems—q or k, l, and n. These simple forms often occur in the same stems in Luiseño and other dialects. Qw, ly, and ny are characteristic sounds also of Mohave of the Yuman family, and correspond at least at times to unlabialized and unpalatalized sounds in related dialects. In view of this identity of phenomena, the geographical proximity of Cahuilla and Mohave is undoubtedly of significance. Among combined consonants due to composition and derivation are: el-el-kwic, bad; nyic-luwil, old woman, from nyitc-il, Combined consonants due to duplication of stems are found in yu-xos-xo, brain; ñam-ñam, shooting star; sun-sun-ika, poor; xwal-xwal, spider. Double consonants caused by the omission of a vowel dropped to compensate for the addition of the plural suffix, are found in tenl-am, antelopes, from singular tenil; probably in ant-em, ants, singular in Luiseño anut; and in paxantc-im, blackbirds, which appears to be derived from a singular paxanic. Piaxt-em, rainbow, may be in the same class. Somewhat similar to these cases is the numeral supli, one, supul in other dialects. The only known words for whose double consonants no specific explanations can yet be offered, are: quspi, throat; amnawet, large; suntci, near; lavalvanat, cottonwood; k’iksawal, jimson-weed; kuvucnilyam, small ants; kumsexwet, yellow-jacket; iswet, wolf; hunwet, bear; dukwet, panther; aswit, eagle. It is evident that at least the majority of these are not simple stems. Kuvucnilyam, small ants, and kumsexwet, yellow-jacket, 2 are obviously compounds or derivatives. The four words is-wet, wolf, hun-wet, bear, duk-wet, panther, and as-wit, eagle, seem to contain a final element denoting size or superlativeness. It will be observed that each of these animals is the largest of its kind. 2a That the stem of iswet is is-, and not isw-, appears from is-il, coyote. Similarly duk-ut is wildcat, corresponding to duk-wut, panther. The number of known double consonants that are unanalyzable
The pronouns in their independent form and as possessive prefixes are: 1 ne ne- 2 e e’e- 3 pe (demonstrative) pehe- 1 tcemem tcem- 2 emem 3 peem (demonstrative) Plural. The following cases of plural forms with the ending -am were noted. All of these are words denoting animate beings, except the terms for stars, beard, eyebrows, and eyelashes. The reason for the use of the plural in the last three is obvious. Yul-sev-em, yul-tam-am, puc-tcavay-am, suwet-em, qi-qit-am, melkitc-em, taxliswitc-em, tciatc-em, ant-em, kuvucnily-am, sasañ-em, tevit-em, tenl-am, wik’ik-maily-am, xanamo-im, alwamaily-am, tcaxul-am, qo-am, mukatc-em, sivuyal-em. Probably plural are: tevaxal-em, hail, piaxt-em, rainbow, paxantc-im, blackbirds. A plural by reduplication also occurs. It does not supersede but is accompanied by the suffix -am. house, kic houses, ki-kic boy, qeat boys, qi-qit-am It is probable that the expression of the plural by reduplication is restricted. Similar cases have been observed in Luiseño: man, yaac men, ya-yitc-am woman, cuñal women, cu-cñal-am old woman, necmal old women, ne-nicl-am chief, not chiefs, no-not-om It is not quite clear whether the variability of the suffix between -em and -am is dependent upon a partial assimilation of Composition and Derivation. A few compound nouns were observed. Most of these may be compositions of a noun with a verbal stem; but yul-tam-am, beard, is undoubtedly derived from yul-uka, hair, yu-la in Luiseño, and tam’a, mouth or tooth. Pa-sukat, horse, in other dialects apparently elk, may be "water-deer." 3 If these cases are
The noun-ending -mal is a diminutive. It is found also in Luiseño. Before the plural -am this suffix in Cahuilla becomes -maily-. Adjectives of color end in -nekic. Black, dul-nekic, seems to mean "charcoal color." The suffix -s gives the numerals adverbial force, with the meaning of "the number of times." Two is wi. Twice is wi-s. These -s forms are used in forming the higher numerals by multiplication. A number of endings on verb stems have been observed, though their meanings are too far from determination to render their discussion profitable. They are -ka, -nik and -ik, -i and -e, -le, -le-wet, -am, and -nemok, with the prefix or preposed particle hen-. The common Luiseño imperative ending -x has not been heard. Noun Endings. It has been said 5 that in all Shoshonean dialects, and probably throughout the whole Uto-Aztekan family, it appears "that a noun cannot stand as a naked stem, but requires a suffix; but that any form of composition into which the stem enters, such as the addition of a possessive affix, makes the terminal suffix unnecessary," and it is dropped. An examination of the new Cahuilla material makes an amplification of this statement possible. Mr. Sparkman has stated 6 that in Luiseño certain nouns, such as those denoting terms of relationship and parts of the body, cannot occur without a possessive pronoun. This of course is sufficient to distinguish them from other nouns that are usable without possessive prefixes. In Cahuilla such nouns, both animate and inanimate, almost always end either in l, c, or t. There are very few exceptions to this rule. On the other hand, words denoting parts of the body do not show these endings, but with very few exceptions end in a vowel. Many of the terms obtained for
No terms for parts of the body ending in t have been found, and only one in c, puc, eye, which however is not lost when a possessive prefix is added to the word, and is therefore not a noun-termination in this case. The only others without final vowel observed are: nañ, tongue; puviam, elbow; pily, milk; pipiviskun, kidney; and sun, heart. Of words other than those denoting parts of the body or terms of relationship, and excluding nouns ending in a verbal component or obtained only in the plural form, the following alone do not show one of the endings -l, -t, -c: ñamñam, shooting star; xwalxwal, spider; kuituk, another species of spider; and elka, a A number of nouns which in Cahuilla end in -l, -c, show Luiseño forms in -la, -tea. Some of these nouns occur also in Luiseño without the final -a., but in that case are objective, the normal or subjective form showing the -a. Thus hu-la is given by Mr. Sparkman 9 with the objective hu-l, ki-tca, house, is ki-c in the objective, and to-t, presumably objective, has been found beside the form do-da or to-ta, rock. The Agua Caliente vocabulary previously published, and the one given below, differ in a number of nouns in the presence and absence of final -a. This disagreement is undoubtedly to be explained in the same way, since there is no reason for assuming a different relationship between ki-tca and ki-c in Agua Caliente. This omission of the final -a is however not the only method of expressing the objective case of nouns in Luiseño. In many instances, according to Mr. Sparkman, the objective does not differ from the subjective. In others a suffix -i is used for the objective. Mr. Sparkman gives -hu-y for the objective of hu-la when in composition with a pronominal prefix. Further objective forms with the same suffix are: cuula-i, star, and pu-c’la-i, his nail or its claw. It is doubtful whether the final -a of Luiseño and Agua Caliente is in reality, or in origin, a subjective suffix appended to the noun ending; or whether it is part of the noun ending itself, which
240:2 Compare Boscana, San Juan Capistrano dialect: sejar (= sexar), bee. 240:2a Compare also yunavi-wut or yuñawi-vut, condor, with yuñawi-c, buzzard. 242:3 Unless pa- means true, real, as it is said to in "Pa-ute." Compare Gabrielino pa-wicokot, condor. 243:4 Am. Anthr., n.s., VII, 657, 1905. 243:5 Present series, IV, 91. 243:6 Loc. cit. 245:7 Cahuilla nouns in -l are: menyil, temal, iñil, bal, dul, mululkal, luñayil, tauwal, qwinyal, amul, panuul, pasal, butcil, k’iksawal, nyitcil, naxaluwil and nyicluwil, pul, awal, isil, wilyal, tenil, qawil, tekwil, hunal, qwaal, kisil, ququl, dutcil, maxayil, ayil, tataxul, palokol, kiyul. Nouns in -c are: kic, dukvac, dukmatbic, ñatcic, qawic, wanyic, nisxic, wewinyic, paxic, dakuc, menyikic, seic, naxanyic, seic, qiñic, yuñawic, gaukuc, qweyexevac, puic. Nouns in -t are: tamiat, suwet, tukmiat, mumawet, hawayat, kut, miat, walinat, yuyat, qelawat, samat, lavalvanat, saxat, taxliswit, qeat, huyetcat, pit, net, iswet, hunwet, dukwet, dukut, tavut, sewet, sukat, aswit, yuñawivut, mut, alwat, maxivit, bukawet, aawat, kumsexwet. 245:8 About 100 Luiseño names of plants given by Mr. Sparkman in his paper recently published in volume VIII of this series end as follows: in -t, 38; in -l, 24, -la, 11, total -l, 35; in -c (-sh), 19, -s, l, -tca (-cha), l, total -c, 21; in other consonants, l, pikwlax; in vowels, 4: posi’kana, sikimona, pehevi, tisi. 245:9 Loc. cit. 246:10 Boscana, p. 333, gives sejet (sexat), willow, the name of a place, as meaning "place of wild bees," that is, "bee." His accompanying form, sejar pepau, honey, is "bee his-water," and shows sexar, or some similar form, such as c•aka (obtained by the author for "bumble-bee"), to be the San Juan Capistrano word for bee. Compare however Cahuilla kumsexwet, yellow-jacket, wasp, which makes it possible that sexat existed as a parallel variant form in Juaneño.
Footnotes
